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Bullying and emotional intelligence
Bullying is abusive social interaction between peers which can include aggression, harassment, and violence. Bullying is typically repetitive and enacted by those who are in a position of power over the victim. A growing body of research illustrates a significant relationship between bullying and emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence (EI) is a set of abilities related to the understanding, use and management of emotion as it relates to one's self and others. Mayer et al., (2008) defines the dimensions of overall EI as: "accurately perceiving emotion, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotion, and managing emotion".〔Mayer,J.D., Roberts, R.D & Barasade, S.G. (2008) Human abilities: Emotional intelligence. ''The Annual Review of Psychology'', ''59'', 507-536. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093646〕 The concept combines emotional and intellectual processes.〔Tolegenova, A.A., Jakupov, S.M., Man Cheung Chung, Saduova, S. & Jakupov, M.S (2012) (A theoretical formation of emotional intelligence and childhood trauma among adolescents. ) “Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences”, 69, 1891-1894. International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology (ICEEPSY 2012). DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.142〕 Lower emotional intelligence appears to be related to involvement in bullying, as the bully and/or the victim of bullying. EI seems to play an important role in both bullying behavior and victimization in bullying; given that EI is illustrated to be malleable, EI education could greatly improve bullying prevention and intervention initiatives.〔Mckenna, J. & Webb, J. (2013) Emotional intelligence. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 76(12), 560.〕
==Childhood==
Bullying is the most prevalent form of violence in schools and has lasting consequences into adulthood.〔Domino, M. (2013) (Measuring the impact of an alternative approach to school bullying. ) ''Journal of School Health'', ''83''(6), 430-437. DOI: 10.1111/josh.12047〕 Increased concern regarding school bullying has been raised in part due to publicized suicides of childhood victims.〔Turner, M. G., Exum, M. L., Brame, R. & Holt, T. J. (2013) (Bullying victimization and adolescent mental health: General and typological effects across sex. ) ''Journal of Criminal Justice'', ''41''(1), 53-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.12.005〕 Around 40% of middle school children are directly involved in bullying at least once a week according to the National Center of Education Statistics.〔 Pre-adolescent research confirms such a negative relationship between trait EI and bullying behavior; bullying behavior is negatively associated with total empathy and more specifically, the EI dimension of cognitive empathy, which is the ability to understand or take on the emotional experiences and perspectives of others.〔Kokkinos, C. M. & Kipritsi, E. (2012) (The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. ) ''Social Psychology of Education'', ''15''(1), 41-58. DOI:10.1007/s11218-011-9168-9〕 It was found that adolescent bullying peer relations are also significantly negatively correlated with the dimension of EI that was conceptualized by Lomas et al. (2012) as Understanding the Emotions of Others.〔Lomas, J., Stough, C., Hansen, K. & Downey, L. A. (2012) (Brief report: Emotional intelligence, victimization and bullying in adolescents. ) ''Journal of Adolescence'', ''35''(1), 207-211. DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.03.002〕 While the term naming the dimension varies within the research, the dimension of EI that appears to have the strongest inverse relationship with enacting bullying behavior throughout the literature is one’s ability to understand the emotional experience of other people. Because bullying behavior in school-aged children is related to lower levels of understanding of other’s emotions, one theory is that children who exhibit bullying behaviors are not able to fully understand the impact that they have on their victims.〔 Indeed, when differentiating between the different components of empathy, it is the cognitive component that bullies seem to have the most deficit in.〔 In addition to the inability to relate to the emotions of others, research also suggests that those who engage in bullying behavior may also lack proper skills in dealing with their own emotions, another aspect of EI often referred to as emotional facilitation or self-efficacy.〔 The poor use of emotions is found to be significant in predicting problem behavior among adolescents, such as aggression, which can be characteristic in bullying behavior.〔Siu, A.F.Y. (2009) (Trait emotional intelligence and its relationships with problem behavior in Hong Kong adolescents. ) ''Personality and Individual Differences'', ''47''(6), 553-557. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.004〕 In this way, the ability to understand and manage one’s own emotions may play an important role in preventing children from engaging in bullying behavior. For example, in a study among adolescent girls, it was found that better management of stress could prevent the perpetuation of aggression and violence.〔Polan, J., Sieving, R., Pettingell, S., Bearinger, L. & McMorris, B. (2012) (Relationships between adolescent girls' social-emotional intelligence and their involvement in relational aggression and physical fighting. ) ''Journal of Adolescent Health'', ''50''(2), S81-S82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.10.216〕
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